关键词： 动物模型   人类疾病机理   实验室   树鼩基因组  

摘要： 由中科院昆明动物所动物模型与人类疾病机理重点实验室、深圳华大基因研究院等单位合作完成的破译树鼩基因组研究工作于2013年2月在《自然·通讯》（Nature Communications）杂志上在线发表。研究人员通过完成高质量的树鼩（Tupaia belangen chinensis）全基因组测序及比较基因组分析，阐明了其系统分类地位和相关生物学特征的遗传基础，尤其是树购用于若干重要疾病如HBV、HCV感染以及抑郁症模型创建的遗传学基础。该研究将能推动树鼩应用于生物医药的系统研究。

关键词： 树鼩   实验动物   基础生物学   人类疾病动物模型  

摘要： 动物模型在生物医学领域(如回答人体各种重大生物学问题、解析人类疾病机理和新药研发等方面)已经做出了不可替代的巨大贡献。转化医学存在的问题使得树鼩(Tupaia belangeri chinensis)实验动物重新得到重视;人类疾病的树鼩模型也再次受到越来越多的关注。该文综述了国内外特别是近年来我国树鼩研究进展,包括树鼩基础生物学及动物模型方面取得的成绩,并分析了该领域目前存在的困难和问题,探讨了未来的一些研究方向。

关键词： 饲养繁殖   动物模型   种群建立   实验动物科技   HCV   树鼩   相关产业   应用  

摘要： 不久前，云南省科学技术奖励办公室发布了2012年度云南省科学技术奖审定结果，中国医学科学院医学生物学研究所申报“树勋饲养繁殖种群建立及其在HCV动物模型中的应用”项目获得2012年度云南省科学技术进步奖一等奖。该项目成果开创了云南省特色实验动物资源——树鼩研究新的里程碑，彰显了云南省在树鼩饲养种群繁殖和运用树鼩建立HCV模型研究领域的顶尖实力。

关键词： 小型哺乳动物   灵长类动物   实验动物   生物医学   树鼩   南亚热带地区   亲缘关系   生命周期  

摘要： 树鼩，一类外形似松鼠，生活在东南亚热带地区的小型哺乳动物。树鼩归属于树鼩目（Scandentia），有2科5属共20个种。其中树鼩属（Tupaia）有15个种，为最大的一个属。树鼩属中以北方树鼩（Tupaiabelangern和普通树鼩（聊反科蠡）较为著名。对于树鼩目该被置于食虫目还是灵长目有不少争议。普遍认为树鼩与灵长类动物具有较为接近的亲缘关系，并且还具有一些适合作物实验动物的独特的特点，如成年树鼩较小的体形尺寸，较高的脑体质量比，较短的生殖周期和生命周期，树鼩已被认为可以作为一种灵长类动物的替代动物。过去的十年以来，树鼩作为一种替代动物模型已经广泛地应用与生物医学研究和药物安全试验。

关键词： Chronic renal disease   Plasma phosphate concentration   Proteinuria   Obesity   Diabetes   Colon carcinoma   Inflammation   NA+/H+ EXCHANGER ACTIVITY   ELEVATED ANGIOGENIN LEVELS   GLUCOSE-TRANSPORTER SGLT1   ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH-FACTOR   CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR   RAT SMALL-INTESTINE   COLON-CANCER RISK   DENDRITIC CELLS   DIETARY FIBER   DIABETIC-NEPHROPATHY  

摘要： Gum arabic (GA), a water-soluble dietary fiber rich in Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+, is used in Middle Eastern countries for the treatment of patients with chronic kidney disease. Recent animal experiments shed some light into mechanisms involved in the therapeutic action of GA. According to experiments in healthy mice, GA treatment increases creatinine clearance, enhances renal excretion of ADH, Mg2+ and Ca2+, decreases plasma phosphate concentration as well as urinary excretion of phosphate and Na+. In diabetic mice GA treatment increases urinary Ca2+ excretion, and decreases plasma phosphate concentration, plasma urea concentration, urinary flow rate, natriuresis, phosphaturia, glucosuria, proteinuria as well as blood pressure. Extrarenal effects of GA treatment in mice include decreased expression of intestinal Na+ coupled glucose carrier SGLT1 with subsequent delay of electrogenic intestinal glucose transport, glucose-induced hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and body weight gain. GA treatment decreases colonic transcription of the angiogenetic factors angiogenin 1, angiogenin 3 and angiogenin 4, of CD38 antigen, aquaporin4, interleukin18, vav-3-oncogene, y(+)-amino acid-transporter, sulfatase1, ubiquitinD and chemokine ligand5. Moreover, GA treatment decreases angiogenin and beta-catenin protein expression. Accordingly, GA treatment counteracts the development of tumors following chemical cancerogenesis. In mouse dendritic cells, antigen-presenting cells linking innate and adaptive immunity, GA treatment modifies maturation and cytokine release. GA treatment further favourably influences the course of murine malaria. The effects of GA treatment on plasma phosphate concentration, blood pressure and proteinuria may prove beneficial in chronic renal failure and diabetic nephropathy. The effect of GA on intestinal glucose transport may be useful in the prophylaxis and treatment of obesity and diabetes, the effect of GA on angiogenin and beta-catenin expression could be exploit

关键词： 树鼩   灵长类   动物模型   人类疾病   基因组   染色体组   重点实验室  

摘要： 由中科院昆明动物所动物模型与人类疾病机理重点实验室、深圳华大基因研究院等单位合作完成的破译树鼩基因组研究工作于2013年2月在《自然·通讯》(Nature Communications)杂志上在线发表。研究人员通过完成高质量的树鼩(Tupaia belangeri chinensis)全基因组测序及比较基因组分析,阐明了其系统分类地位和相关生物学特征的遗传基础,尤其是树鼩用于若干重要疾病如HBV、HCV感染以及抑郁症模

关键词： Koala   Semi-arid   Resource selection   Spatial distribution   Australia   Home range   PHASCOLARCTOS-CINEREUS POPULATIONS   SOUTH-WEST QUEENSLAND   HOME-RANGE   FRACTAL ANALYSIS   CLIMATE-CHANGE   HABITAT USE   LANDSCAPE   SELECTION   DYNAMICS   ECOLOGY  

摘要： Background: Conservation strategies derived from research carried out in one part of the range of a widely distributed species and then uniformly applied over multiple regions risk being ineffective due to regional variations in species-habitat relationships. This is particularly true at the edge of the range where information on animal movements and resource selection is often limited. Here, we investigate home range size, movement patterns and resource selection of koalas Phascolarctos cinereus in the semi-arid and arid landscapes of southwest Queensland, Australia. We placed collars with GPS units on 21 koalas in three biogeographic regions. Home range sizes, resource selection and movement patterns were examined across the three regions. Results: Habitat selectivity was highest at the more arid, western edge of the koala's range with their occupancy restricted to riparian/drainage line habitats, while the more easterly koalas displayed more variability in habitat use. There was no significant difference between home range sizes of koalas at the western edge of the range compared to the more easterly koalas. Instead, variability in home range size was attributed to spatial variations in habitat quality or the availability of a key resource, with a strong influence of rainfall and the presence of freestanding water on the home range size of koalas. Within a 580 m spatial range, movement patterns of male and female paths showed a tortuous trend, consistent with foraging behavior. Beyond this spatial range, male paths showed a trend to more linear patterns, representing a transition of movement behavior from foraging to breeding and dispersal. Conclusions: The difference in home range movement patterns and resource use among the different koala populations shows that behavior changes with proximity to the arid edge of the koala's range. Changes in home range size and resource use near the range edge highlight the importance of further range-edge studies for informin

关键词： 北京动物园   雕塑   青年时期   锲而不舍   单簧管   北京人   学习   演奏家  

摘要： 田树民，1956年生，北京人，自幼随父学习绘画，尤喜动物与音乐，先拜解放军军乐团单簧管演奏家张进才学习单簧管，后从吾学习石雕。树民青年时期在北京动物园供职，与鸟兽虫鱼结下不解之缘。在爬虫馆工作时，细心观摩，胸有成竹，刀笔之下，出神入化，至今所镌作品百余件，各臻妙处。京华从吾习雕刻者，卓然有成者惟树民也。树民不慕荣利，穷且益坚、锲而不舍、持之以恒。必成器也。

关键词： 身高   动物   长度单位   测量  

摘要： “朋友们，我们测量人和动物的身高时，不是一般都说几米吗。那么测量高度的时候，长度单位是不是只能用m（米）呢？”

关键词： Phylogenetics   molecular clock   sequence evolutionary rate   phenotypic evolution   morphology   genomics   MOLECULAR EVOLUTION   GENERATION-TIME   BODY-SIZE   METABOLIC-RATE   RAPID EVOLUTION   POPULATION-SIZE   DNA EVOLUTION   MUTATION-RATE   GENOMIC DATA   DIVERSIFICATION  

摘要： Sequence evolution behaves in a relatively consistent manner, leading to one of the fundamental paradigms in biology, the existence of a 'molecular clock'. The molecular clock can be distilled to the concept of accumulation of substitutions, through time yielding a stable rate from which we can estimate lineage divergence. Over the last 50 years, evolutionary biologists have obtained an in-depth understanding of this clock's nuances. It has been fine-tuned by taking into account the vast heterogeneity in rates across lineages and genes, leading to 'relaxed' molecular clock methods for timetree reconstruction. Sequence rate varies with life history traits including body size, generation time and metabolic rate, and we review recent studies on this topic. However, few studies have explicitly examined correlates between molecular evolution and morphological evolution. The patterns observed across diverse lineages suggest that rates of molecular and morphological evolution are largely decoupled. We discuss how identifying the molecular mechanisms behind rapid functional radiations are central to understanding evolution. The vast functional divergence within mammalian lineages that have relatively 'slow' sequence evolution refutes the hypotheses that pulses in diversification yielding major phenotypic change are the result of steady accumulation of substitutions. Patterns rather suggest phenotypic divergence is likely caused by regulatory alterations mediated through mechanisms such as insertions/deletions in functional regions. These can rapidly arise and sweep to fixation faster than predicted from a lineage's sequence neutral substitution rate, enabling species to leapfrog between phenotypic 'islands'. We suggest research directions that could illuminate mechanisms behind the functional diversity we see today.