关键词： 视觉线索   时间线索   预期姿势调节   补偿姿势调节   外部姿势干扰  

摘要： 为研究视觉和时间知觉线索对突发外部姿势干扰下中枢神经系统对动作肌肉和姿势肌肉预期姿势调节(APAs)和补偿姿势调节(CPAs)的影响,本研究被试分别在视觉和时间线索引导下完成经典落球试验,同步采集右侧动作肌肉肱二头肌和姿势肌肉腰部竖脊肌和腰部多裂肌的sEMG信号,计算被检肌肉APAs发生率、预激活时间和CPAs反应强度。结果发现,视觉线索可以引发动作肌肉和姿势肌肉APAs发生率明显增加,预激活时间明显提前,以及动作肌肉CPAs反应强度明显减小;而时间线索主要引发动作肌肉预激活提前,对姿势肌肉APAs和CPAs无明显影响。该结果表明,视觉和时间引导线索对突发外部姿势干扰条件下人体姿势肌肉和动作肌肉的中枢运动控制具有不同的作用。视觉引导线索能够明显增加姿势肌肉和动作肌肉预激活发生率和提早预激活时间,表现出明显的"视觉线索预激活优势现象";而时间引导线索主要引发动作肌肉预激活提前,对姿势肌肉APAs和CPAs无明显影响。

关键词： 遥控直升机   大脑控制   状态   镇静   操作指令   电视节目   操纵杆   脑电波  

摘要： 目前，美国一家公司最新研制一款遥控直升机，它并非由操纵杆进行控制，而是通过大脑思维。 美国“迷箱轨道（Puzzlebox Orbit）”公司使用一个耳机状装置监控脑电波，并保持某种符合要求的状态向直升机发送操作指令，例如使用者处于放松状态下。在过去两年里该公司制造了适用于教室和电视节目的大脑控制直升机，目前在Kickstarter网站以190英镑的价格进行销售。

关键词： 消毒供应中心   工作人员   感染意识   感染效果  

摘要： 目的针对消毒供应中心工作人员存在的职业危险,采取有效措施加强工作人员的感染意识,探讨感染控制效果。方法2010年7月—2011年7月对该院消毒供应中心38例工作人员进行调查,采取填写问卷的方式对1年内消毒供应中心工作人员感染意识的优良程度、感染例数进行调查,采取有效措施进行管理,并采取相同问卷对2011年10月—2012年10月38例消毒供应中心工作人员进行调查,对比前后感染意识及感染率发生变化。结果消毒中心人员感染意识相较采取措施之前明显增强,人员感染发生率亦有明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论采取有效管理宣传措施,有助于提高消毒供应中心工作人员的感染意识,降低感染发生率,值得推广。

关键词： 抽动障碍   同胞兄弟   利培酮   治疗   MRI平扫   意识控制   精神检查   辅助检查  

摘要： 1 一般资料 1．1病例1患儿，男，9岁10月，两年前出现不自主点头，常伴眨眼、用手敲击鼻根部。偶尔吸鼻、喉中发出“哼、啊”声，发作无节律性，每天发作数次。当集中注意力及有意识控制时症状减轻，劳累后加重，睡眠时消失。近半年来病情加重。遂人院。人院查体未见明显异常。精神检查：意识清。接触合作．问答切题，注意力欠集中，智能与其受教育程度相符，可见不自主点头、眨眼。辅助检查：基本正常脑电图。头颅MRI平扫：胼胝体偏短．考虑发育欠佳。

关键词： corticobasal syndrome   alien limb   apraxia   voluntary action   volition   pre-supplementary motor area   VOXEL-BASED MORPHOMETRY   DIAGNOSTIC-CRITERIA   BASAL GANGLIA   CORTEX   MOVEMENT   MOTOR   CONNECTIVITY   SUPPLEMENTARY   DEGENERATION   BRAIN  

摘要： The volitional impairments of alien limb and apraxia are a defining feature of the corticobasal syndrome, but a limited understanding of their neurocognitive aetiology has hampered progress towards effective treatments. Here we combined several key methods to investigate the mechanism of impairments in voluntary action in corticobasal syndrome. We used a quantitative measure of awareness of action that is based on well-defined processes of motor control; structural and functional anatomical information; and evaluation against the clinical volitional disorders of corticobasal syndrome. In patients and healthy adults we measured 'intentional binding', the perceived temporal attraction between voluntary actions and their sensory effects. Patients showed increased binding of the perceived time of actions towards their effects. This increase correlated with the severity of alien limb and apraxia, which we suggest share a core deficit in motor control processes, through reduced precision in voluntary action signals. Structural neuroimaging analyses showed the behavioural variability in patients was related to changes in grey matter volume in pre-supplementary motor area, and changes in its underlying white matter tracts to prefrontal cortex. Moreover, changes in functional connectivity at rest between the pre-supplementary motor area and prefrontal cortex were proportional to changes in binding. These behavioural, structural and functional results converge to reveal the frontal network for altered awareness and control of voluntary action in corticobasal syndrome, and provide candidate markers to evaluate new therapies.

关键词： 成本   控制   意识   重要性  

摘要： 工程成本控制狭义上理解的主体为工程造价人员，实际在项目的实施过程中，每个参与者都是成本控制的主体，每个参与者都要有意识去节约成本。本文主要分析了容易被人们忽略的成本控制环节，并且对重要的环节做了深入的剖析，阐述成本控制意识先行的重要性。

关键词： 马克思   意识形态   控制   批判  

摘要： 随着现代资本主义的发展，经济全球化、政治区域化、文化一体化，资本主义意识形态不分种族、地域、环境的差异在人类社会进行渗透，资本主义市场经济意识在全球普及率不断增加，尤其是二战过后，以美苏为首的东西方大国在经济、军事、科技等各个领域竞争加剧，美苏争霸搅动着世界的神经。美苏在意识形态控制方面的关注日益增强，斯大林个人崇拜隐患还未根除，以美国为首的西方国家过度渲染“红色革命”，向苏联等社会主义国家输出资本主义“自由”、“平等”、“民主”观念，进行意识形态攻击，在各种因素的联合作用下，苏联最终在20世纪末分崩离析，社会主义浪潮式微。而西方国家经过多次经济危机，对社会生活也造成阶段性恶劣影响，人们逐渐认识到其“虚伪”面孔。但是，资本主义意识形态已经深入到人们的日常生活，普世价值在全球兴风作浪，人们对其甘之如饴，不能自拔，资本主义弥漫全球。 本文以当今资本主义社会为背景，首先对马克思以前的意识形态概念和思想进行了回顾和分析，追根溯源，厘清概念。通过分析指出马克思的意识形态概念是不同于前人的，具体是通过追溯特拉西的“科学的观念学”、拿破仑的讽刺性发扬，意识形态内涵已经发生了变化，结合马克思所处的时代不断演化出马克思界定的贬义的意识形态概念，并通过对其批判来驳斥当时德国的意识形态家们。另外，马克思从社会结构出发提出的经济基础与上层建筑中，意识形态是作为上层建筑的一部分而存在，这种描述性定义更具有现代意义。马克思对资本主义意识形态的批判由来已久，在其著作中隐约可见，但随着时代变迁，资本主义意识形态逐步从政治、经济领域侵入到文化生活，甚至控制人们的思想。文章随后分析了资本主义意识形态的一系列问题，并对其思想文化控制方面进行展开论述，即拜物教和宗教批判。通过分析拜物教三种形式得出，资本主义意识形态控制思想正是先从物质生产领域开始，逐渐渗透到人们意识深处，使人们做出的判断或决定基本符合统治意识的要求，并通过学校等教育机构来再生产“角色”意识，从生到死、世世代代认同这种意识。面对日益严峻的意识形态问题，研究马克思意识形态批判对我国加强意识形态建设有重要借鉴意义。

关键词： 建筑工程   成本   控制方法   管理   措施  

摘要： 建筑工程成本控制是增加施工单位利润的主要途径之一。由于当前建筑市场的激烈竞争日益加剧，建筑施工企业应更加重视工程项目成本控制。目前工程成本控制主要存在以下几个问题：项目管理人员成本控制意识淡薄、施工组织设计不合理、材料管理制度不健全、间接费控制不力、财务与合同管理混乱等问题。为遏制因以上各种问题对工程项目的影响，按照责任明确的要求，成本控制应当以能否对成本费用进行控制分别采取措施，概括起来可以从思想、组织、技术、经济、管理等几个方面采取措施控制。

关键词： Awareness   Control   Hypertension   Knowledge   Self-management  

摘要： Objective: To investigate correlations between hypertensive patients' knowledge of hypertension, awareness of hypertension education, self-management behaviors, and hypertension control. Methods: Hypertensive patients from 5 community health centers in Xuhui District, Shanghai, China, were enrolled into this study. Data were collected via patient interviews and a questionnaire survey. Independent influence factors for hypertension control were identified by logistic regression analysis. Results: In total, 3,328 hypertensive patients, including 1,935 females and 1,390 males with a mean age 70.6 years, were studied. The mean systolic blood pressure was 133.1 mm Hg. The mean diastolic blood pressure was 80.5 mm Hg. Hypertension was controlled in 1,050 (36.1%) patients. Independent influence factors for failed hypertension control were comorbidities, including diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and stroke. Patients who knew that 'high blood pressure is related to salt intake' and were willing to receive regular health education were less likely to fail in hypertension control. Patients who visited clinics because of fear of complications and visited medical institutions other than community health centers for hypertension were more likely to fail in hypertension control. Conclusions: In Shanghai, failed hypertension control is significantly associated with chronic disease history. Limiting salt intake, receiving regular health education, and visiting community health centers for hypertension care may help control hypertension. (C) 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel

关键词： Hypertension   public health surveillance   trends   administrative data   survey data   EDUCATION-PROGRAM   CANADA   ADULTS   PRESCRIPTIONS   SURVEILLANCE   MANAGEMENT   INCREASES   MORTALITY   TRENDS  

摘要： OBJECTIVES: Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Nearly one adult in four was diagnosed with hypertension in 2007-2008 in Canada. One of the objectives of this study was to determine whether the prevalence of hypertension in Quebec as assessed using administrative data is comparable to that specifically measured, especially for the elderly population. METHODS: Trends in prevalence, incidence and mortality were examined using the Quebec Integrated Chronic Disease Surveillance System built from grouping numerous administrative databases from 1996-1997 to 2009-2010. Blood pressure measurements, hypertension prevalence, awareness and control were obtained in 1,706 Quebecers in the combined cycles of the Canadian Health Measures Survey. RESULTS: Using administrative databases, 23.6% [95% confidence interval, 23.5-23.6] of the Quebec population (n=1,433,400) aged >= 20 years was diagnosed with hypertension in 2009-2010, an increase of 32.1% compared to 2000-2001. The incidence decreased by 27.3%. Among people aged >= 65 years, the prevalence rose to 69.0% [95% CI: 68.8-69.2] in women and 61.7% [95% CI: 61.5-61.9] in men. For people aged 20-79 years, the prevalence of hypertension was lower with the administrative data compared to the survey (20.2% and 23.1%, respectively). The level of awareness, treatment and control were 84.3%, 83.1% and 67.9%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of hypertension derived from administrative data is comparable to that obtained with a health measured survey. Elderly women (>= 65 years) are a very high-risk subgroup. The levels of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Quebec are very high.